Mohammad Qutb was a member of Egyptian Ikhwan-al-Moslemin who tried to join the Ikhwani and Wahhabi thoughts after immigrating to Saudi Arabia. One of his thoughts was his special view about history of Islam. He saw history of Islam as a tool to realize the real Islam. He criticized the old historical methods of Muslim historians and specially rejected orientalists’ works as easterns’ plots against Islam but he couldn’t prove this charge against them. In spite of Qutb’s claims in the necessity of new look to history of Islam and his emphasis in his unique view about it, actually he does not have any special view in this field and his writings are the repetition of the old historical views of Sunni Muslims. By evaluating his historical views in this research, it was known that his conclusions based on incorrect or insufficient data and his reasoning were not strong enough.

The relationship between Historical Sociology (HS) and International Relations (IR) is one of the relatively new fields of study, which has attracted the attention of researchers and activists of both fields during the last few decades. In other words, the impact of the international environment on internal developments is the basis for the emergence of this field of study with general titles such as International Historical Sociology (IHS) or Historical Sociology of International Relations (HSIR) during the first years or decade of the current century. The theoretical research on the book “Global Historical Sociology” (GHS), raises the question of whether it is possible to know global historical sociology as a conjuncture point between the mentioned fields of study. The authors of the book criticized this tenet as a transdisciplinary branch that includes three areas: World Sociology, Historical Sociology, and World History. The studies carried out show that ambiguity in the possibility of methodological integration of the fields of sociology and history on the one hand and neglecting the position of the state in global transformations or its overlapping with the newly emerging field of Global Studies causes the current deficiencies in the content and methodological coherence of the book. However, the mentioned attitude can be more carefully considered and developed in the future. In this article, it will be tried to express the strengths and weaknesses of this work with a critical view.

This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

There are two kinds of theology relating to the possibility of speaking on the topic of the Exalted Being or God by means of ordinary human language: negative Divine and positive Divine. The followers of positive Divine hold that it is possible to talk about divine attributes and Divine acts by means of human language, while the followers of negative Divine maintain that it is possible to talk about divine attributes and Divine acts only in a negative manner, that is, they focus on what God is not such and such, rather than what He is. Negative Divine has had many followers throughout the history of thought- that is since ancient Greece until today. The present paper deals with the historical development of negative theology. Then it reviews and comments on the views shown in this regard. It seeks to provide a moderate position between the pure positive position which means falling into the morass of polytheism and anthropomorphism and the pure negative position which resulting preventing reason for knowing God and falling into the morass of agnosticism.

The term “ Gavvamoon” (literally maintainers) in Surah An-Nisa (Verse 34) is considered as one of the most challenging Qur’ anic terms. Throughout history, various interpretations have been made by commentators on this word. The present article aims to explore the historical evolution of commentators’ opinions and the bases of their emergence since the 1st century A. H. The results of the study show that because during early centuries, man was recognized as the superior gender having special privileges in the public culture, the term “ Qavvam” was interpreted as the excellence and supremacy of man over woman in most of exegetic texts up until almost the 12th century A. H. due to the superiority of men over women in terms of wisdom and belief on the one hand, and paying dowry and alimony to women on the other hand. However, since the 12th century A. H. as women started to have more economic, social, and scientific role in society, the term “ Qavvamoon” has been interpreted as correspondence, supervision, management, support, guardianship, enjoining good and forbidding wrong in relation to women. Undoubtedly, the scientific and cultural achievements of women have been very effective on the emergence of this interpretative approach.

National identity is the most important cultural and historical asset of any country that was formed in the distant past and continues from generation to generation. The lack of a historical view of national identity can lead to contradictory and deflective approaches that are sometimes controversial. The historical context of an identity is so important that some thinkers consider identity to be essentially a historical category and believes that the national identity of any country has arisen from the accumulation of a nation's qualities throughout history and therefore a common history is considered the most important determinant of an identity. In this article, with the help of library and analytical method, some views and perceptions about the national identity of Iranians are studied and finally, by criticizing them, the questions of what is necessary to have a historical approach and what is the consequences of its lacking, are answered. The findings of this study show that in order to narrate the identity of a nation and to distinguish right from wrong, having a historical approach is an undeniable necessity.

Each civilization or culture, intentionally or unintentionally, has a special and different view on “other” in its historical pathway. This research will study and per iodize the historical periods of understanding “other” in West and East. Despite common classification based on political views, this article will segregate the merely political views and analyze from cultural and civilizational aspects. Categorization is not only based on historical events, but also focused on “common characteristics” in understanding “other” in the historical context of East and West. Based on this history, the interrelationship between east and west is categorized in four macro era. According to the west- east relation this Periods are: 1) ancient era, 2) faith era, 3) the era of knowledge Based Power, 4) Post Colonial era. According to east-west relations, with a special emphasis on Iran, are: ancient era, faith era, confusion and chaos era, and the era of reaction and passive attitude.

The collective unconscious psyche of humans consists of archetypes represented through their choices, rituals and their behaviors in symbolic forms. Architecture is one of the media that can be the incidence area of unconscious psyche archetypes by reflecting these symbols, and mother is one of the most important archetypes. Problem Statement: The mother is more symbolic for the male gender, and the Iranian historical architecture is apparently a masculine arena. So, the pursuit of the representation of this archetype in the architecture of Iran is meaningful. The issue of this research is a psychoanalytic reading of Iranian historical architecture by finding the representation of the mother archetype in the works of Iranian historical architecture. The study of the works of Iranian historical architecture often includes theological, technical, historical criticisms or decoding of visual symbols based on religious culture; whose foundations are mostly wisdom-oriented. Therefore, the gap of psychoanalytic criticisms is evident in Iran› s architecture. Aims: The aim of this research is to investigate the fundamental concepts of the Iranian historical architecture by taking an interdisciplinary approach and providing new perspectives beyond the general view of the research so far done. Question: How has the Iranian architecture been influenced by the collective unconscious? What are the representations of the mother archetype in Iranian architecture? Methodology: Qualitative and fundamental research is based on descriptive-analytic method. Data have been collected based on documentary and library studies. Conclusion: The research suggests that the notion of the motherland is the source of holiness in the unconsciousness of Iranians and, the mother archetype in Jung’ s signs have been appeared in the architectural spaces through the blending of these spaces with the earth and its complications.